Shakespeares presentation of Shylock in The Merchant of Venice Essays

Shakespeares presentation of Shylock in The Merchant of Venice Essays Shakespeares presentation of Shylock in The Merchant of Venice Paper Shakespeares presentation of Shylock in The Merchant of Venice Paper Essay Topic: Merchant Of Venice Play Shylock the infamous money-lender in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice, is a complex character and far more than a caricature of a Jewish villain. In Elizabethan times Jews were often discriminated against because of their faith and beliefs. It was accepted for Christians to discriminate against Jews. Anti Semitism was based on religious events. The medieval myth that Jews needed to kill young boys once a year to reinact the death of Christ and use the blood for the making of unleaven bread, had its roots from the biblical account of the massacre of the innocents, which King Herod carried out because he was terrified of being overthrown as the King of Judea by the infant Christ. Many however, also believed that if Jews converted to Christianity, all of their sins would be forgiven and they would be accepted into the arms of the Christian God. It was widely believed that Jews were responsible for the execution of Christ and so they were believed to be working with the devil. Although Jews were not allowed to own property, they were often prosperous business and engaged in money-lending, which Elizabethan Christians were not allowed to do. All the prejudices that people had concerning Jews prompted them to become portrayed as evil villains of Elizabethan dramas. At the time The Merchant of Venice was written, the Jew had become the character that the Elizabethan audience loved to hate; so Shakespeare may have seen an opportunity to make money and included Shylock as the villainous Jew in his play. Another example of a Jew being used as a villain in an Elizabethan drama is, The Jew of Malta or The Famous Tragedy of the Rich Jew of Malta, written by Christopher Marlowe. In this play, Barabas carries out many immoral actions and is often unfavorably compared to other men of different faiths. Shylock is first recognised as a typical Jewish villain, when he reveals to the audience (out of earshot from Antonio and Bassanio) his ambition, If I can catch him once upon the hip, / I will feed fat the ancient grudge I bear him. Shylocks statement is sinister and twisted and gives the audience the feeling that all Shylock is out to do is to ruin Antonio. Shylock later discloses the reason why he wishes for Antonio to be caught in a weak spot is because he is a Christian and a threat to Shylocks business as Antonio loans money out to his friends without charging interest. This shows quite a negative attitude towards Antonio and Christians. The reference to an ancient grudge could also represent the treatment of Jews through the ages by Christians in general. Perhaps Shylock is taking out his anger on Antonio, to avenge the way he has been treated by Christians throughout his life. The fact that Antonio spat at Shylock would have given the concept of revenge a personal edge. Another point in the play where Shakespeare depicts Shylock as the typical Jewish rogue is when he reveals the bond, which Antonio must sign, to borrow three thousand ducats. Be nominated for an equal pound / Of your fair flesh, to be cut off and taken / In what part of your body pleaseth me. This creates a sense of hatred within the audience towards Shylock, as this is a despicable idea. This is also an action of a typical Jewish villain as Elizabethans believed that Jews were bloodthirsty from what they had read in the Bible. So, Shylocks desire to draw his victims blood is a stereotypical action of a Jewish villain by Elizabethan standards. Shylock is using Antonios need to borrow money as an opportunity for revenge to perhaps feed fat the ancient grudge he has for him. Most characters who comment on Shylock in the play only present him as a villain and see him as nothing else. When Jessica speaks of Shylock, her father, she doesnt mention anything about loving him but she says she is ashamed of him, To be ashamed to be my fathers child! To be ashamed of your own parents is an unfortunate position to be in. This shows how detestable Shylock is as he is despised by his own daughter. The reason for Jessica to be ashamed of her father maybe the fact that she dislikes the way he conducts business. I am not his manners. This suggests that Jessica may know about the bond Shylock has made with Antonio and feels disgusted at her fathers behavior. This is probably the last straw for Jessica and this may be why she decides to leave home and start a new life with a Christian, perhaps to fit in with society. At this point the audience would empathise with Jessica as no one would want to hear that their father conducts his business in a particularly threatenin g and vengeful manner. It is obvious that father and daughter are not emotionally close as he is more worried about the money and jewels that Jessica took with her than about her well being. When Tubal returns with the news that he has not found where she is the first thing that Shylock says, A diamond gone cost me two thousand ducats in Frankfurt! This remark shows clearly that Shylocks mind appears to focus exclusively on mercenary matters. He is not concerned about his daughters welfare but is very concerned about his missing money. At this point the audience probably realise that Jessica has made a lucky escape from her selfish and unloving father. Shylock receives more hatred from the audience and they probably see him to deserve to lose everything at the end as he really is a cold man and all he cares for is his fortune. Shylock is such a bitter man that he wishes Jessica was dead, I would my daughter dead at my foot, and the jewels in her ear: would and the ducats in her coffin. The wish of his daughters death emphasises just how bitter and twisted Shylock actually is. The ducats in her coffin. This shows that Shylock doesnt really care for anything or anyone else in his life apart from himself, his money and getting revenge on Antonio. Lancelot Gobbo, Shylocks servant, dislikes Shylock for the reason that he is not paid fairly and he also believes that he would become a Jew if he served Shylock any further. Lancelot says to Bassanio about Shylock, you have the grace of God, sir, and he hath / enough. This shows that Lancelot also believes that only Christians have the ability to have the blessing of God and perhaps that Jews will go hell because they are sinning by being Jewish and not Christian. Salarino and Solanio, Christian friends of Antonio, dont think very highly of Shylock as Solanio says, Let me say amen betimes, lest the devil cross my prayer, for here he comes in the likeness of a Jew. Here Shakespeare causes the audience to think about how much hatred someone must have for another in order to call them the devil. This is a horrible insult as it implies Shylock is an evil person and makes the audience feel more loathing towards him. They would agree with Solanio that only someone wicked could think of such a despicable thing as the bond Shylock has made with Antonio. The reference to the devil would have been even more of an insult in Elizabethan times as hell and the devil were taken literally in those days. They believed that the devil was an active evil which was out to corrupt honest people. So for people to think of Shylock as the devil is a massive insult. Not only is Solanio insulting Shylock but he is also insulting the whole Jewish community, here he comes in the likeness of a Jew. This could be interpreted in the way that Solanio may be saying that all Jews are in the image of the devil this could be very insulting to the Jewish community as in those day the term the devil was taken in a very literal way. There are three points in the play however, where Shakespeare attempts to extract as much sympathy as possible for Shylock, from the audience. The first point in the play the audience may start to feel sympathy for Shylock is in his Hath a dog money? speech in Act one Scene three. In this speech, Shakespeare depicts Shylock as the victim of Antonios vicious hatred towards him. The repetition of dog throughout the speech shows the harshness of Antonios treatment of Shylock; And foot me as you spurn a stranger cur At this point the audience might feel a great sympathy for Shylock as no one can imagine how it must feel to be treated as a stray dog. Shakespeare shows how much Shylock loathes this treatment as he carries on repeating the term dog throughout the famous speech. This would encourage the audience to understand Shylocks feelings and try to see the situation from his point of view. Antonio humiliates Shylock in public, In the Rialto you have rated me / About my monies and my usances. Antonio curses Shylock in the street just because he earns a living by charging interest on money he loans out. This again shows that Shylock has been victimised for something we would consider minor and way in which he earns money. From an audiences perspective in Elizabethan times this would probably be accepted as it was against a Christians morals to be involved in this kind of business. Today, however, the behavior which Antonio has displayed would be highly unacceptable as the way in which someone earns money has nothing to do with anyone else. The audience would be led to sympathise further with Shylock when he reveals the awful things that Antonio said to him the past, You call me misbeliever, cut-throat dog, and spit upon my Jewish gabardine. The language that Antonio is claimed to have used is vindictive and bitter; it is also extremely cutting. This creates a sense of awkwardness within the audience hearing about Antonios racist language. The term cut-throat dog shows just how merciless and unscrupulous Shylock is; it also suggests someone who is at their lowest ebb. It can also be seen as an extremely vicious dog that cuts people throat it almost resembles a wolf. Shakespeare may have intended to show Shylock as the victim of harsh racial abuse. Antonio treats Shylock with absolute disdain as Shylock keeps repeating cur, so this shows that Antonio actually hates Shylock. A further point in the play where the audience is made to feel sympathy for Shylock is in his Hath not Jew? speech in Act three Scene one. It is debatable as to whether Shakespeare is trying to poke fun at Shylock in this speech. However, I believe Shakespeare is genuinely trying to create a feeling of compassion towards Shylock. For an Elizabethan audience, the speech would cause them to contemplate how they treat Jews when Shylock explains that they are basically the same as everyone else, I am a Jew. Hath not a Jew eyes? Shylock is desperately trying to seek acceptance from the people around him. This would create a great sense of sadness for Shylock as he is only trying to live his life just like everyone else. Shakespeare writes Shylocks speech as if he is pleading with Salarino to stop treating him as if he is something other than a human being. Perhaps Shakespeare is using Shylock as the voice of the Jewish community talking to the Christian community. This makes the audience sympathise with Shylock and see that it is wrong for someone to have to plead with others to recognise their humanity. Shylock is putting the point across that he is only behaving in the way that he has been treated. This speech produces the maximum amount of sympathy from the audience as Shylock says all this to Solanio and Salarino after he has heard that his daughter, Jessica has runaway. The audience would probably feel disgust for Salarino and Solanio as they taunt Shylock when he is at his lowest. The last point when the audience may feel that Shylock is a victim is near the end of the play when he leaves court a broken man after losing his money and his faith. Antonio insists, He presently become a Christian. Shylock no longer has anything to live for he has lost his family, his wealth and now his faith. The audience can only imagine how it feels to have your beliefs forced upon you. The final feeling the audience would have of Shylock is sympathy as he promptly leaves the play never to be heard of again by the audience. This links in to an earlier point which I made, that in Elizabethan times where Christians actually believed that if you were anything other than a Christian you would go to hell. So perhaps Antonio was actually trying to save Shylock from hell. Shakespeare does present Jews in a sympathetic light and proves he is not being simply racist by the two most well known speeches in the play. I think Shakespeare uses Shylock as a Jewish villain as it was a great seller in that period of time to have a Jewish character which the Elizabethan audience loved to hate. However, Shakespeare does attempt to challenge the stereotype throughout the play as he uses Shylocks Hath a Jew? speech as a challenge to the treatment of Jews. Mostly I think Shakespeare was more interested in earning money than being racist and anti-Semitic towards Jews. Overall, I think that Shakespeare intends to present Shylock as a villain but he also shows his human side which perhaps explains why Shylock acts the way he does. I believe that Shylock received his just desserts at the end of the play as he was prepared to kill a man just for revenge. Although Shylock was driven to this by abuse, he could have shown his human side and acted as the better man. The fact that Shylock even thought of such a bond proves he is a villain through and through. Reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herod_the_Great#Herod_in_the_New_Testament

The Cold War and U.S. Diplomacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Cold War and U.S. Diplomacy - Essay Example Cuban Missile Crisis was the most precarious event which took place in the history of cold war, where U.S discovered that USSR had placed anti-ballistic missiles in the vicinity of the U.S territory. This pushed President Kennedy to take action in order to reverse the effect, and Kennedy acted very cautiously and via his diplomatic skills he was able to convince Khrushchev to roll back the missiles. Another such instance was the conclusion of Nuclear Test Ban Treaty between U.S and USSR, where Khrushchev first agreed over to the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, while later began testing nuclear weapons, as a result of which U.S tested five such weapons to retreat the situation. Analyzing the Kennedy Doctrine in this context makes perfect sense, as it implies that U.S will take all necessary steps to contain the effect of communism, i.e. expansion of the policy of containment (Thompson 1992). Though he was an advocate of diplomacy, whenever required he took all crucial steps to contain the co mmunism threat and to secure his homeland and also his allies. In his inaugural address of 1961, President Kennedy said; â€Å"Let us never negotiate out of fear. And let us never fear to negotiate†. ... However on October 14, the U2 plane took pictures of these ballistic missiles placed in Cuba by the USSR, which definitely called for an action (Kempe 2011). Now, President Kennedy had a few options on the table out of which some were quite aggressive, while others were neutral in nature. After considering various options, Kennedy considered the option of naval blockade which was indeed a very diplomatic move as he named it quarantine to make it sound legal. Also, chances of aggression on the part of USSR were also limited and at the same time USSR was pressurized to roll back the weapons. It was quite wise on the part of President Kennedy to use the option of quarantine i.e. to block the way where missiles were being transferred; however, the diplomatic skills were tested after the option was utilized, i.e. while he was negotiating with Khrushchev (Cull 1998). He communicated his concerns to Khrushchev via his brother Lyndon Johnson after which a deal was reached when Khrushchev put forth his concerns about the missiles in Turkey, and thus USSR rolled backed the weapons while a secret deal was reached via the backdoor implying the rollback of weapons from Turkey as well. Also, the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty was also an attempt on the part of President Kennedy to follow his policy of containment i.e. to contain the Russian threat of nuclear war. Firstly, USSR and even UK signed the treaty which was a huge triumph for the diplomatic skills of Kennedy as he pursued his goal through peaceful means (Maga 1994). However, another challenge arose when USSR started preparing for another nuclear weapon test when they had already given their word on the Nuclear Test Ban. President

Employment laws for business Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Employment laws for business - Case Study Example 2. In this situation Alvin does not have a strong claim for age discrimination. The police department prefers to utilize younger officers. This is for the safety of other officers as well as the safety of the general public. Moreover, the department does not require Alvin to retire. However, many employees choose to retire at the age of 50 this is no where stated as a requirement. Although Alvin's job description has changed he was given a suitable replacement. In addition Alvin was not asked to take a pay cut or work other hours. Although Alvin may not be satisfied with this new position it is in the best interest for society. 3. Carter does not have a claim for age discrimination based upon the facts given. The company needed to lay off employees due to economic downfalls. Layoffs during poor economic times are often an option utilized by employers. Unfortunately there is nothing the company can do in regard to the economic situation. Carter will be eligible for unemployment as the company has not debated this claim. Moreover, Alvin has only been with the company two years.

The Ideal Old Man Essay Example for Free

The Ideal Old Man Essay The initial reason for designing and constructing the Maglev vehicles was to create a car that could both carry a high number of people in a quick amount of time, and be the most cost efficient. Unfortunately for me, a high number of people would not be able to squeeze into my car. A slow, yet steady and comfortable pace made it quite obvious that my car was not in the upper echelon of the class. Instead however, it found its own identity as being ideal for an old man. Freedom rides through the countryside would be this cars specialty. In preparation for our upcoming project, we first watched a video on modern day Maglev vehicles. In the video we learned about the theories of magnets and electricity working together to form a high-speed vehicle. We learned about the futuristic possibilities of traveling from New York to Washington (without spilling your coffee) in relatively short time. The main purpose of a Maglev vehicle is for mass transportation in a quick amount of time. After we were introduced to the Maglev vehicle in the video, we proceeded to the computer lab to peruse the Internet. On the Internet, we found a variety of current Maglev vehicles. We got to check out the various speeds and performances that these particular vehicles had. In the making are some more elite types of Maglev vehicles. Perhaps someday in the near future, there will be a Maglev line running through our very own town. It was now time to plan out a strategy on the design of my car. The very first thing I sketched out was how wide the track was. A car any wider than the track would obviously not be able to run. Also, the magnets had to be a little more than an inch separated apart or else the magnets would not function properly. My completed sketch was a relatively small car that would be able to fit approximately 7-10 passengers at a time. One motor was supposed to rest on the top of the rear end and act as a propeller. Once my advisor approved my sketch, I looked for the proper materials in making my vehicle. The first thing I found was the material for my body. A light Styrofoam material was perfect for the design of my car. I cut out the proper design and also placed a shield of protection on it. Once the basic body was established, I found a base made of a hard light plastic. The plastic was easy to cut so that the contours of my base would match that of the car. Once I had my body and my base all set, I needed to install the ingredient that makes it all happen, the magnets. You could not just plug the magnets on the base in any sort of arrangement that you want. The magnets have to be placed on in rows approximately one inch apart. Also, the magnets (once they are placed on) must repel the force given off of the track so that the Maglev vehicle can float. After the magnets were carefully put on, it was time to install the motor system. The motor system consisted of one motor, two wires, and a propeller. The two wires would touch the side of the Maglev track and generate power inside the motor, which would turn the propeller. Once my motor system was installed, I was ready to test out my product on the track. Something was wrong. Placing my vehicle on the track was no different than trying to drive a car while it is elevated, the motor was humming but it wasnt moving an inch. Upon observation, I concluded that my car had too much weight pushing down on the magnetic track. The one thing I could do was to hollow out the insides of the Styrofoam, which would reduce much of the weight. Well, that didnt do too much. So I continued to chop away at the body of my car. Each crucial chop eliminated the passenger rate of my vehicle. Eventually the weight balanced out when my vehicle totaled the passenger rate of 1. 5. Saddened by the loss of passenger space, I was happy to see that my vehicle could at least move. My vehicle was now completed. All it needed was a purple colored body, and a beautiful purple baseball No. 4 for good luck. A cheap car to build, it only cost a shade over $57 million ($50 million going into labor). Measurements concluded that a mere 1. 5 passengers could jam into my cars tight surroundings. With the knowledge of my car being a one man wrecking crew I tested it on the track to see how much speed my puppy could burn. Once the results came in, it was time to label my Maglev car ideal for the old man. A respectable average speed of 4. 75, my car will not pass the board of transportations expectations. However, if the time comes for personal Maglev use in the future, people can come to either me or Q. Some controversy was brought up in aspects to the motor. A more efficient gold motor was placed on some of the other vehicles, and showed that they performed at a higher speed. Would my car have broken record speeds with this gold motor? Although my car would not have passed the expectations of the Maglev transportation theories, I did learn a lot about how electricity and magnets can work together. I learned that the Maglev is a mode of transportation for the future. A low (if not zero) pollution percentage, a Maglev would be ideal to the ozone. I found it amazing how the vehicles actually float down the track. The main problem for me was the weight factor. For some reason, I wasnt able to carry a space wide enough to fit any more than two passengers. Speculation could lead to bad magnet placement on the bottom. If I could do it again, I would design a car that distributes the weight more evenly throughout the base so I could fit more passengers. I would also look into purchasing the gold motor for higher velocity. I thought it was a fun project and I recommend it to future generations of classes.

Air Pollution and its Harmful Effects :: Papers

Air Pollution and its Harmful Effects â€Å"Air Pollution, addition of harmful substances to the atmosphere resulting in damage to the environment, human health, and quality of life.† (Encarta Air Pollution) â€Å"Damage† may be quite an understatement on this topic. I believe that mass extinction might be more than damaging to the quality of life. I seem to be â€Å"jumping the gun† here but as you will see air pollution is a very deadly environmental concern. In the United States alone, air pollution has been a serious environmental and public health problem since the early part of the 1900’s. Acid Rain, Ozone Depletion, Smog, and Global Warming are all the result of air pollution. This could possibly be the single most devastating factor in the dissipation of our Eco-system, as we know it. Acid Rain is a term that consists of acid rain, snow, fog, and particles. It is caused by sulfur dioxides and nitrogen oxides released by power plants vehicles and other sources such as gasses, and oils. (EPA Acid Rain) Acid rain effects trees, soil, farms, and surface waters. When the acid in rain comes in contact with an object it immediately starts a chemical reaction. A pH scale measures the acidity level of a substance in numerical order, 0-14, 0 being pure acid, 7.5 the most neutral point, and 14 being the highest alkalinity. (Encarta Acid Rain pg. 2) Acid rain eats away at the nutrients in the topsoil needed by plants and wildlife. The soils natural alkaline can sometimes neutralize the acid, but in places where the soil is thin the alkalinity is poor. In Vermont we have low alkalinity because our land is mostly comprised of granite. (Encarta Acid Rain pg. 2) Trees and plants are also at risk because of the acidic soil. It slows tree growth, as well as eats holes through the vulnerable leaves. Once acid and the metals they dissolve weaken trees, they are more susceptible to other harms like insects, drought, and cold weather. (Encarta) Higher elevations are at more risk because they are closer to the â€Å"deadly† clouds. (Encarta Acid Rain pg. 2) In the worst cases trees have physical damage to the roots and leaves, reduced canopy cover, crown dieback, a reduced growth rate and finally whole tree death. (EFFECTS OF ACID RAIN ON TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS) Crops are generally less at risk to acid rain than trees. Most farms are in thick topsoil conditions where alkalines can neutralize the acid.

Monster Verses Monster

Today, people still recognize the ghastly, atrocious Frankenstein as a monster, but according to Deems Taylor’s Monster, Richard Wagner is the monstrous beast. Monsters are expected to be frightening like Frankenstein, but some monsters are real humans like Richard Wagner. Oddly, when comparing Frankenstein and Wagner–they certainly share some of the same grim features. Frankenstein and Wagners’ faces manifest a gloomy expression of black death. Their spirit for life lacks warmth in their eyes. Frankenstein’s eyes are hollow and dreary covered with drooping, eyelids, and underneath his eyes are massive sandbags. Similarly, Wagner’s vengeful gaze leers inertly like a frozen statue. Taylor says, â€Å"[he has] a genius for making enemies† (695). The pasty bags (sagging above his cheekbones) are blown up like air pockets. Moreover, they share similar shriveled lips. Frankenstein’s colorless lips are dimly distorted like the mouth of a ruined, porcelain doll. While Wagner’s, sickly, pale lips evoke a spine-chilling eeriness causing most people to shutter; it’s the kind that makes the skin crawl with goose bumps. Undoubtedly, their cold expressions are lifeless, and wicked; however, the size and shape of their heads are equally dreadful. Their large, peculiar, heads resemble a heavy mass wobbling like a bobble head. Their foreheads dominate their gigantic skulls. Frankenstein’s forehead is like a stretched-canvas awning for protection over his eyes. It protrudes along his brow like a piece of metal rod lodged underneath his skin. Likewise, Wagner’s receding hairline emphasizes the size of his enormous skull. According to Taylor, he states, â€Å"[his] head is too big for his body† (693). Furthermore, the structure of their chins is abnormally malformed. Frankenstein’s square chin bulks like a block of wood wedged into his bottom jaw. Its size is the dimension of a small building. On the other hand, Wagner’s narrow, pointy chin extends like an arrow heading for its target. Indeed, the likeness of Frankenstein and Wagners’ massive skulls are laughably creepy. Nonetheless, the magnitude of resemblance is uncanny. All the same, the fearsome expressions on a face or the bizarre proportions of a body can depict a vision of a monster. Frankenstein is a character, created, monster, but Wagner is a real person; a monster in the eyes of Taylor. As attested by Taylor, â€Å"the name of [his] monster [is] Richard Wagner† (695).

The Surveillance Technology And Privacy - 1799 Words

Technology and Privacy While the intent might be up for debate, the fact that our governments and businesses appear to be watching and analyzing our every move is not. As technology increases, apparently more and more rapidly, more data about us is stored and shared. Most of the time, we are oblivious to the fact it is even being collected or how it might be utilized. Surveillance is defined as close observation of the actions of a specific individual. The surveillance technology systems are devices that identify monitors and track the movements and data. Surveillance has raised a lot of concerns about privacy issues in the advancing technology. The electronic devices used include the smart TV, computers, mobile device bugging, and electronic databases. Surveillance has presented numerous challenges to the right of privacy. Every individual is entitled to the right of privacy and measures should be taken to address these issues in the new technology. 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