Oral Health System Of Australia Essay - 902 Words

LITERATURE REVIEW 1. Oral health system in Australia A health system defined as ‘all the activities whose primary purpose is to promote, restore and/or maintain health’ (WHO 2013). A good health system is indicated by its capability to delivers quality services, when and where the people need them (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2014). Australia’s health-care system is a combination of public welfare and private market provision (Willis, Reynolds Keleher 2009). There are multiple layers of responsibility and funding provided by governments, individuals, health providers and private health insurers (Biggs 2013). All level government including local, state, territory and the Australian Government, provides public health services. While, health services in private sector are available in private hospitals, medical practices and pharmacies (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2014). Furthermore, the detail of oral health system in Australia is described based on type of health care, funding and oral health workforce. 1.1 Types of health care Primary care is the first person’s contact with the health system, in which mostly provided for the community by self-employed general practitioner (Biggs 2013). In primary dental care setting, dentist can work for children and adolescents in schools, a public dental health programmes and some dental care for adults (the elderly, disabled, single parents with health care cards and the unemployed) in communityShow MoreRelatedNational Advisory Council On Dental Health1246 Words   |  5 Pagesto improving oral health in Australia where many Australians find it difficult to access dental services. Currently, targeted schemes have directed focus and funding towards delivering comprehensive dental care to disadvantaged Australians including persons with a current concession card and/or health care card. Many of these people have poor oral health and access dental care through the public system. A great burden for resources and funding is placed on the oral health care system by these peopleRead MorePeriodontal Disease And Manual Dexterity1359 Words   |  6 Pagesdisease is the fifth most common health problem in Australia (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare [AIHW], 2015). Periodontal disease is associated with large costs to the health system and reduction in the quality of life, and wealth, of Australians (AHMAC Steering Committee for National Planning for Oral Health, 2001). The greatest contributor to the development of periodontal disease is the accumulation of plaque in the oral cavity. The human immune system responds to plaque by initiatingRead MoreOral Health And Dental Care1541 Words   |  7 Pages6 37.7 65.9 38.7 56.0 From: Oral health and dental care in Australia: keyfacts and figures 2015 (Chrisopoulos, Harford Ellershaw 2016, p. 67). 3.3 The impact of neglected oral disease Dental decay is the second most expensive diet-related disease in Australia, the cost of this disease is comparable to heart disease and diabetes. During 2007-08, the annual expenditure of dental care in Australia was $6.1 billion (Department of Health, Government of South Australia 2012). Despite of the economicRead MoreUnited States Of America For Multiple Years1693 Words   |  7 PagesHealth care has been an issue for the United States of America for multiple years. Dental care, a topic that does not get much attention because people believe it is trivial, plays a major part in people’s lives, particularly children. Gerard van Honthorst’s The Tooth Puller shows a dentist pulling a patient’s tooth with five observers watching. Van Honthorst shows how in awe or scared people are of the dentist. There is a negative outlook on dentists and dental care: people are afraid of the dentistRead MoreCounselling On Sunburn Becoming Repetitive? What About Frostbite?1663 Words   |  7 PagesCounselling on sunburn becoming repetitive? What about Frostbite? Comparing and contrasting registration as a pharmacist in Australia and Canada Introduction â€Å"The history of pharmacy is almost as long as the history of humanity.† - Stephen G. Greenwood Man has walked this Earth for a long time and, during that time, they have suffered from ailments. It may not be common practice now to make offerings to the Gods in an attempt to seek a cure but, there are still aspects from ancient times evidentRead MoreAustralian Health Care Essay847 Words   |  4 PagesOral health in Australia is a concern. The impact of poor dental health can instigate ulcers, gingivitis, gum disease and damage one’s overall health. Tooth decay is extensive among Australian adults, and tooth aches are a considerable amount of hospital admission for children (Parliament of Australia, 2013). Two in three children aged 14 years have deteriorated permanent teeth, while three in ten adults receive no treatment at all. Adults living in rural Australia are 1.7 times more likely toRead MoreThe Australian Health Care System Essay1657 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The Australian health care system is a highly functioning and accessible system based on universa l principles of access and equity†. This essay discusses the history and inception of the Australian Healthcare system, how it is funded through the Government and the public income. How and where healthcare is delivered and its effectiveness, including issues and priorities according to current healthcare policies and national standards. The Indigenous Australian people have practiced traditional â€Å"healthcare†Read MoreThe Australian Health Care System1528 Words   |  7 PagesThe Australian health care system is a highly functioning and accessible system based on universal principles of access and equity. In this essay I will discuss the historical evolution and current structure of our health system, identifying current health service models of delivery and look at its strengths, weaknesses, policies and health priorities currently in Australia. I will discuss the roles of government and non-government health services in service provision and funding sources of AustralianRead MoreThe Oecd Principles Of Good Laboratory Practice1521 Words   |  7 Pagesfor the Testing of Chemicals (OECD Guideline 407, as adopted on 3rd October 2008) will also be followed. The test facility of the study has received a Good Laboratory Practice certification from National Association of Testing Authorities (NATA), Australia (License No. AU666/GLP). The test sites 1 (License No. US250/GLP, issued by FDA) and 2 (license No. AU888/GLP, issued by NATA) are both GLP licensed facilities, under the regulation of local authorities. To protect the welfare, the animal experimentsRead MoreThe Federal Government And Health Care Essay988 Words   |  4 Pages The Federal Government became increasingly involved in health provision following the Second World War, with a focus on ensuring access and equity to health care. When Medicare was implemented in 1984, the Federal Government, States and Territories agreed to provide free health care for all Australians in all public hospitals. This service now provides the public, access to see health care professionals for free or for subsidised treatments. The Medicare Benefits Schedule (MBS) lists all the services

Colombian Corruption - 1109 Words

when notorious drug lord Pablo Escobar, he basically had bought most of Colombia and everyone in it. Many would think that the death of such powerful drug lord would end most of the corruption, but instead the Cali cartel came on top and the drug war continues. Some hectic headlines were that the past president Ernesto Samper was accused receive money from drug lords for his electoral campaign. The year 2011 was when the former Mayor of Bogotà ¡ the capital of Colombia, was convicted for irregularities of phony business contracts. In February 2014 many high ranking Colombian army officials were exposed that they were taking bribes. According to U.S News â€Å"..recent reports reveal that the Brazilian construction company has been bribing the†¦show more content†¦A huge operation that is widely known in Brazil would be Operation Car Wash, this operation consisted of an money laundry investigation and the discovery of bribery and pay outs dealing with the Petrobras oil comp any which was also carried out by the federal police. This search executed a lot of warrants and concluded with the arrest of many important political figures such as, former president of Brazil but now is a current senator, speaker of the chamber of deputies and chief of the treasury of workers stated by the New York times. The webpage also reported that â€Å" The charges are nothing less than sweeping: Prosecutors say that Eduardo Cunha, the speaker of Brazil’s lower house of Congress, took as much as $40 million in bribes for himself and his allies, plundering Petrobras, the government-controlled oil company, while laundering money through an evangelical megachurch.† This scandal prompt even more distrust among the public and its government, which made tensions worse. Brazils bureaucracy has had it’s ups and downs, but due to the oil companies, the country has been absorbed from its loyal civilians and money. In the country of Nicaragua, it is ranked 145 out of 176 corrupt countries in the world and the spot 176 being the most corrupted one. Corruption is very seriousShow MoreRelatedA Very Old Man With Enormous Wings971 Words   |  4 Pagesby Gabriel Garcia Marques â€Å"A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings† this is portray, by showing how cruel and imperfect society can be. In the beginning of the story the weather in Mocondo the town where the story takes place, is used as a symbol of corruption. In Mocondo is always dark and rainy, interpreting how the villagers themselves are also dark and corrupt. An early description of the setting in the story illustrates how in Mocondo it used to be sunny all the time but it â€Å"had become a stew ofRead More1. Who are the country’s main competitors and how is it positioned relative to these main1100 Words   |  5 PagesAmerica Caribbean sector, just above Venezuela, according to 2012 data provided by The World Bank . Due to the lack of qualified labor force, high level of debts (including government debts), and the negative perception of the government due to corruption, Dominican Republic’s inflow is very low compared to its competitors. In fact, Brazil’s broad surface, rapid growth in the industrial sector and large labor force available are crucial factors leading to the nation being the most popular locationRead MoreThe Colombian Confederation Of Chambers Of Commerce2337 Words   |  10 Pages Case study: Colombia The Colombian Confederation of Chambers of Commerce (Confecà ¡maras) recognized that Colombia had a set of norms and instruments for detecting, controlling, and punishing corrupt practices in Colombia. However, these mechanisms were not often applied, partly because of corrupt politicians. Confecà ¡maras worked with local businesses to have clear rules and codes of conduct in procurement processes and to demonstrate the benefits of compliance. With input from local business leadersRead MoreColombia s Struggle With Domestic Guerilla Groups And Drug Cartels1489 Words   |  6 Pagescaused by difference in culture or beliefs. Corruption within their own government has left Colombia without legitimate authority; the citizens have nobody to trust, be helped by, or be defended by. Colombia has the potential to institute a stable and effective government, but it has some major complications holding it back. Colombia has been in constant war and armed conflict, domestic and foreign, since the early 19th century; to make matters worse, corruption within their own government has left ColombiaRead MoreColombia And The Colombian Armed Conflict931 Words   |  4 Pagesarmed conflict for more than six decades. The causes for the Colombian armed conflict can be more than one which include the conflict over land ownership, the existence of marked economic differences, the pursuit of civilians because of their political orientation. It a lso highlights the persistence of guerrillas with communist orientation and the existence of drug traffickers that have involved their corruption to all levels of the Colombian sociaty. The narco guerrillas and drug traffickers have givenRead MoreThe Created Superior Council Encompassed Two Houses, Namely1328 Words   |  6 Pagesencompassed two houses, namely Administrative and Disciplinary units. The core responsibility of this council is to deliver the requirements by the judicial career. This, along with the changes in the constitutional structures lightened the rights of the Colombians as the human rights were added into the new constitution thus protecting their interests. Following the continuous low ranking in this system, the World Bank, in 2009 introduced projects that strengthen the judicial operations in Colombia. ThisRead MoreA Very Old Man With Enormous Wings1713 Words   |  7 Pagesbeing at war all the time has cultivated strength, perseverance and a belief system uniquely embedded within the Colombian people. You can find this in the famous story A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings written by Colombian legend Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Of course, it is truly no surprise that these traits are not only found in but absolutely bleed through the literature written by Colombian natives. The hardships of daily life and the deep belief in mysticism shapes their everyday. Politics and religionRead MoreDrug Cartel Control in Columbia867 Words   |  3 Pagesdominated the world cocaine trade. Both cartels were made up of several different drug-trafficking organizations, each containing its own specific organizational structure. These cartels hid their cocaine production labs in remote, jungle regions, where Colombian insurgent groups provided them cover. In exchange for this cover, rebel groups such as the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia derived much of their funding from the cartels. The cartels were also strong advocates toward bribing. Whether it isRead MoreUnited States Vs Cologo803 Words   |  4 Pagessocieties of the Northern States, which rejected slavery, and the aristocracy of the southern landowners, owner of immense plantations that employed a million slaves, and saw in the suppression of slavery the end of their way of life. Colombian conservative party: The Colombian Conservative Party is a traditional political party of Colombia. Currently the Conservative Party is one of the largest political forces in the Congress of the Republic and is part of the coalition of President Juan Manuel SantosRead MoreThe Drug Crisis Of Colombia1594 Words   |  7 Pagesproblem in Colombia because the government was not capable of overriding these cartels. â€Å"Drug violence also undermined Colombia s formal but deeply exclusionary democracy, particularly during the 1980s, when the Medellin Cartel waged war on the Colombian government†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Tate). This is an important time in Colombia’s history because here was when Colombia’s government became weak since many judges, police investigators, journalists, and public figures were killed by cartels. Pablo Escobar who is known

Rates of Reaction Lab Investigation Free Essays

Chemestry Lab Rates of Reaction (Picture from: http://sciencespot. net/Pages/kdzchem. html) The rate of reaction is how fast or slow a reaction is completed. We will write a custom essay sample on Rates of Reaction Lab Investigation or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is important for factories and chemists all over the world. What happenes during a reaction is atoms or molecules that collide and form new molecules. You can affect this rate of reaction with: temperature of reactants or suroundings, surface area of reactants, if there is a catalyst present, but in theis lab the concentration was changed as the IV. The reaction rate is masured in change/time, in this case it was: volume of gass produced/minutes. Gas was measured in ml/minute, and this was the DV. Aim of lab was: To find the change in rate if reaction, depending on the concentration of hydrocloric acid. Hypothesis: If the concentration of hydrocloric acid is increased, the rate of reaction will increase and the volume of gass will increase. The reasoning behind the hypothesis is that when there are more molecules in the solution the reactants collide more often, so more product is made in a shorter periode of time. The equation was: Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2 Similar article: Measuring Reaction Rate Using Volume of Gas Produced Independent variable| Dependent variable| Controled variables| Value| How to control the CV| Concentration of acid| Rate of reaction| Vol of acid| 20 ml| Measure using a 50ml Measuring cylinder| 2 moles pr. L| Vol of gas| Temp of acid| Room temp. | Not controlled, only montored| 1 moles pr. L| | Amount of Mg| 5 cm or ribbon/ 0. 07g| Ruler, and weight| 0. 5 moles pr. L| | Precence of catalyst| No| Not have a catalyst| 0. 25 moles pr. L| | Type of acid| Hydrocloric| Have same type of acid| Method: 1. Gather aparatus and materials, and set up as shown in diagram below aparatus list. 2. Bucket + water 3. Measure temp, in room and water 4. Fill measuring cylinder with water 5. Rubber tube + sidearmed test tube 6. Obtain 0. 08 g using a weight, place in side-armed test tube 7. 20 ml HCl of 2 moles pr. L in measuring cylinder 8. Place measuring cylinder in bucket with water, upside down, without air leaking in to the cylinder when flipped. 9. Puor HCl into side-armed testtube. 10. Start the stopwatch 11. Close the top of the side-armed test tube by placing rubber tap 12. Weight 3 min. be accurate using the stopwatch 13. Record ml of gas produced 14. Reapeat the experiment twise pr. Concentration: 2 moles pr L, 1 mole pr. L, 0. 5 moles pr. L and 0. 25 moles pr. L Aparatus list: Sidearemd testtube – Rubber plug – Rubber tube – Bucket – Water – 2x 100ml measuring cylinder – 400ml Beaker – 40 ml in each concentration type of HCl acid, 2, 1, 0. 5 and 0. 25 M. Pr. L – 8x 0. 08g of Mg ribbon – Stopwatch Raw data table showing amount of gas created in the two trials of the experiment: Concentration in moles pr. L| Trial 1 – ml og gass produced in 3 min| Trial 2 – ml og gass produced in 3 min| 0. 25| 8| 10| 0. 50| 30| 32| 1. 00| 70| 73| 2. 00| 61| 65| First proceced data table showing average of gas made: Concentration in moles pr. L| Average of trial 1 and 2 in ml of gas produced in 3 min| 0. 25| 9| 0. 50| 31| 1. 0| 71. 5| 2. 00| 63| Proceced data table showing rate of reaction: Formula used=ml of gass produced/time (in seconds) Concentration in moles pr. L| Rate of reaction calculation in ml/sec| Rate of reaction result in ml/sec| 0. 25| 9/180| 0. 05| 0. 50| 31/180| 0. 17| 1. 00| 71. 5/180| 0. 40| 2. 00| 63/180| 0. 35| Graph showing the rate of reaction: Conclusion: As the results clearly show, the rate of reaction increases rapidly and this strongly supports my hypothesis. The amount of succesfull collisions increased, because of increased number of atoms in the product, so when the concentration was increased it rate of reactio n increases. There are more collisions because of more atomes, and therefor more succesfull once. Evaluation: Random errors: * Therometer used to measure temperature * Inaccuracy of +/- 1 C * Balance weight used to measure Mg ribbon * Inaccuracy of +/- 0. 01 g * Measuring cylinders used to measure volume of acid and volume of gas * Inaccuracy of +/- 0. 5 ml * Ruler used to measure Mg ribbon * Inaccuracy of +/- 0. 1 cm Ways to prevent random errors and improve the method: – Compleet the experiment more times Systematic errors: – As you see in the graph, the fourth result was anomalus. During the 3 minutes the magnesium ribbon was â€Å"used up† in a very short period of time. The rate was so fast in the 2 moles per liter that it was over in under a minutte, but in the other concentration types it tok longer time for the reaction to compleet. Therefor we have to look away from the highest concentrations, and focus on the three lowest. This was a big weakness in the lab. – When pouring the HCl acid into the side armed test tube, some of the reaction had been compleeted before we had time to put the rubber stopper on every time. The temperature was only monitored, not controlled. Ways to reduce systematic errors and improve the lab: * Have a shorter reaction time: shorten the time form 3 min to around 1 minutte. * Use a fisle-funnle to prevent gas leaking out before the stopper is placed on the testtube. * Do the experiment in a controlled environment, like in a water bath. Sugestions to possible further investigations into this topic: You can change th e IV, to one of the other factors that affect rate of reaction. Eg. Take the same concentration of HCl acid and change the temperature, or the precence of catalyst. How to cite Rates of Reaction Lab Investigation, Essay examples